Most of the passages below have been discussed almost ad nauseum in other threads posted here or elsewhere, so I’m going to be as brief ass possible in commenting.
1 Cor 14:2
For he that speaketh in an unknown tongue speaketh not unto men, but unto God: for no man understandeth him; howbeit in the spirit he speaketh mysteries.
Let’s paraphrase this into a more modern English and use better translations for “tongue” and “understand” – He that speaks in a language isn’t speaking to others, but only to God; no one hears with understanding; however, though he’s praying in the Spirit, he’s speaking mysteries.
To use an analogy - If I attend a worship service in ‘East Haystack’, Alabama two things are going to be evident: one; there’s only going to be so many people at that service (i.e. there will be a finite given amount of people there) and two; the chances that anyone in East Haystack speaks anything but English is pretty slim to nil.
If I start praying aloud in say Lithuanian, there’s no one at that service that’s going to understand a word I’m saying. Even though I’m speaking a real language, no one there will understand my “tongue”. That does not mean or imply that no one else understands Lithuanian; just no one at that particular service. In this sense, therefore, I am speaking only to God, since he understands all languages. To everyone at the service, even though I’m praying in the Spirit (as defined in my original post), I’m still speaking “mysteries” - just another way of saying that even though I’m praying as I ought (in the Spirit), no one understands me; I’m still speaking in ‘mysteries’ – i.e. no one still has a clue what I’m saying as no one speaks my language.
There is nothing in this passage that suggests modern tongues-speech nor is there anything that even remotely suggests that the speaker does not understand what he himself is saying; it is the listeners who do not understand, not the speaker – no matter how hard modern tongues-speakers want the speaker to also not understand, it just isn’t there.
1 Cor 14:4
He that speaketh in an unknown tongue edifieth himself;
Again, in a more modern English: “He who speaks in a language builds himself up.”
Yes, because he’s the only one who understands what he’s saying – no one else speaks his language; thus, he’s the only person benefiting.
1 Cor 14:14-15
For if I pray in an unknown tongue, my spirit prayeth, but my understanding is unfruitful.
What is it then? I will pray with the spirit, and I will pray with the understanding also: I will sing with the spirit, and I will sing with the understanding also.
This one takes a bit longer to explain – it could easily be done in a few pages, but to try and sum it up and be as brief as possible…
This passage hinges on the Greek word “akarpos” – it can be used both with and active sense and with a passive sense. Most people use it in this passage in the passive sense, i.e. my understanding is unfruitful (to me), or my understanding produces no fruit in/for me. Given that Paul in his latter calls for clarity and understanding at a public worship such that everyone there can benefit, I would argue the active sense of the word: my understanding is unfruitful for others, or my understanding produces no fruit for/in others. That is, the fact I understand what I’m saying does not benefit anyone else as they don’t speak my language. If you think that using ‘akarpos’ in the active sense is far-fetched or a new concept/theory, consider Luther’s Bible of 1534. For this passage he has (in English) “my understanding brings no one fruit” – clearly even back then the idea of this passage being best translated with an active sense was not something new.
1 Cor 14:18-19
I thank my God, I speak with tongues more than ye all:
Yet in the church I had rather speak five words with my understanding, that by my voice I might teach others also, than ten thousand words in an unknown tongue.
Paul was considered the apostle to the non-Jews. It stands to reason that in his daily work of spreading the message of Christianity that he would use his knowledge of languages considerably more than the average person.
However, in a church setting where teaching is involved, he felt it paramount to express himself in a language he was intimately familiar with in perhaps just a few concise words conveying not only specifically what he wanted to say, but also the nuances associated with it. This, rather than using a slew of words in another language he may not have been overly familiar with not quite getting his exact point and/or nuances across to his audience.
If anyone has ever done any translation work, you’ll know precisely what he’s talking about here. To go from language X to language Y in an everyday type conversation is not a huge deal, but when something very specific needs to be said, and/or in translating things of a religious (or other) nature that can involve tiny nuances, I can tell you from personal experience, that this presents a considerably more difficult task for the translator.
I don’t see this passage as referring to anything but real, rational language, and a situation I can completely relate to, to boot.