Scientific research has indeed utilized genetic analysis to explore the lineage of Jewish populations, including those claiming descent from ancient Jewish high priests (Cohanim).
Specifically, studies have focused on the Y chromosome, which is passed down from father to son, to investigate the patrilineal ancestry of the Cohanim, who are believed to be direct descendants of Aaron, the first High Priest.
Research found a distinct genetic signature, known as the Cohen Modal Haplotype (CMH), among a significant portion of Cohanim, supporting the idea of a common male ancestor.
It's important to clarify that this research typically utilizes DNA extracted from living individuals who identify as Cohanim, rather than directly from the bones of ancient Jewish high priests. Scientists compare the DNA of modern Cohanim with that of other Jewish groups and non-Jewish populations to identify shared genetic markers and estimate the time to a common ancestor.
This type of genetic research offers insights into the historical and demographic patterns of Jewish populations, complementing information from other fields such as archaeology and history. However, it's crucial to acknowledge the limitations and sensitivities surrounding genetic research and the use of terms like "Jewish genes".