There were many theories on why Job suffered the things he suffered. God rebuked several of the people with the opinions.
However, in this thread I would like to look at what the rest of the Bible says to figure out what God's role was and why this happened.
1. God is omniscient. The book of Job makes it clear that He knew what Satan was planning to do.
2. God is omnipotent. The book of Job makes it clear that God allowed it to happen.
If you deny that God is omniscient then that is considered Blasphemy. If you deny that God is omnipotent that also is blasphemy.
3. God said this about Job: "8 And the Lord said unto Satan, Hast thou considered my servant Job, that there is none like him in the earth, a perfect and an upright man, one that feareth God, and escheweth evil?"
So that has to be part of your explanation, it can't contradict what God says here because God cannot lie.
Now we have promises from God in Psalm 91 and Deuteronomy 28 to protect us from evil. That is a covenant that we have with God.
How can you reconcile the covenant and promises we have with God with what happened? By all means use your own personal experiences if that helps explain this.
Eph 6:11 Put on the whole armour of God, that ye may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil.
Rev 2:10 Fear none of those things which thou shalt suffer: behold, the devil shall cast some of you into prison, that ye may be tried; and ye shall have tribulation ten days: be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.
Mat 16:23 But he turned, and said unto Peter, Get thee behind me, Satan: thou art an offence unto me: for thou savourest not the things that be of God, but those that be of men.
Luk 22:31 And the Lord said, Simon, Simon, behold, Satan hath desired to have you, that he may sift you as wheat:
Luk 22:32 But I have prayed for thee, that thy faith fail not: and when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren.
2Co 12:7 And lest I should be exalted above measure through the abundance of the revelations, there was given to me a thorn in the flesh, the messenger of Satan to buffet me, lest I should be exalted above measure.
Satan can still tempt us and in the case of Paul afflict us.
But I would say it might not be too many being afflicted physically.
God would of not allowed Satan to afflict Job if he did not say he was protected but if afflicted he would curse God.
So God allowed Satan to afflict him but not touch his life.
Which seems like God knew Job would not curse Him and wanted to prove it to Satan.
Also God did not allow Satan to touch Job's wife which he was blessed with children later on.
Psa 116:15 Precious in the sight of the LORD is the death of his saints.
Also Job's children were godly and Job offered sacrifices for his whole family so when Job's children perished as part of the affliction they were alright in the afterlife.
Job 42:10 And the LORD turned the captivity of Job, when he prayed for his friends: also the LORD gave Job twice as much as he had before.
Job 42:12 So the LORD blessed the latter end of Job more than his beginning: for he had fourteen thousand sheep, and six thousand camels, and a thousand yoke of oxen, and a thousand she asses.
Job 42:13 He had also seven sons and three daughters.
And after the trial Job was blessed more in substance and got the same amount of children and genders back.
1Pe 4:12 Beloved, think it not strange concerning the fiery trial which is to try you, as though some strange thing happened unto you:
1Pe 4:13 But rejoice, inasmuch as ye are partakers of Christ's sufferings; that, when his glory shall be revealed, ye may be glad also with exceeding joy.
Heb 5:8 Though he were a Son, yet learned he obedience by the things which he suffered.
Job is not the only one.
Mat 24:9 Then shall they deliver you up to be afflicted, and shall kill you: and ye shall be hated of all nations for my name's sake.
Rom 8:36 As it is written, For thy sake we are killed all the day long; we are accounted as sheep for the slaughter.
Rom 8:37 Nay, in all these things we are more than conquerors through him that loved us.
Rom 8:38 For I am persuaded, that neither death, nor life, nor angels, nor principalities, nor powers, nor things present, nor things to come,
Rom 8:39 Nor height, nor depth, nor any other creature, shall be able to separate us from the love of God, which is in Christ Jesus our Lord.
2Co 6:4 But in all things approving ourselves as the ministers of God, in much patience, in afflictions, in necessities, in distresses,
2Co 6:5 In stripes, in imprisonments, in tumults, in labours, in watchings, in fastings;
2Co 6:6 By pureness, by knowledge, by longsuffering, by kindness, by the Holy Ghost, by love unfeigned,
2Co 6:7 By the word of truth, by the power of God, by the armour of righteousness on the right hand and on the left,
2Co 6:8 By honour and dishonour, by evil report and good report: as deceivers, and yet true;
2Co 6:9 As unknown, and yet well known; as dying, and, behold, we live; as chastened, and not killed;
2Co 6:10 As sorrowful, yet alway rejoicing; as poor, yet making many rich; as having nothing, and yet possessing all things.
Rev 13:10 He that leadeth into captivity shall go into captivity: he that killeth with the sword must be killed with the sword. Here is the patience and the faith of the saints.
Sometimes we can go through afflictions which God allows for a purpose to try our faith and show the world we will not deny our faith hopefully causing them to investigate what the saints believe that they would suffer for what they believe.
Mat 10:28 And fear not them which kill the body, but are not able to kill the soul: but rather fear him which is able to destroy both soul and body in hell.
2Th 1:4 So that we ourselves glory in you in the churches of God for your patience and faith in all your persecutions and tribulations that ye endure.
Joh 16:33 These things I have spoken unto you, that in me ye might have peace. In the world ye shall have tribulation: but be of good cheer; I have overcome the world.
And in general the world will be wicked as the world will be wicked even afflicting each other with the truth that the saints will be alright regardless of what happens to them for they have eternal life which is what really matters.
Job was alright even if he lost his life but God would not let that happen to show Job He is there for him increasing Job's faith and dedication to God.
And his wife untouched and his children that perished receiving eternal life.
Since Job was a righteous man and hated evil and sacrificed for his children if his children were not in a good standing with God then I do not believe that He would of allowed his children to die in hopes it could be corrected.