Thank you all for replying. I will just try to address a couple of the points I see have been made several times…
The metatemporal view also holds that God created time. Yet that does not mean God does not operate in time. He can both be the creator of our time and exist in time. So I dont think the idea that time is a creation of God necessitates atemporalism.
The second point I think is important to address is this idea that if God exists in time, He would be subject to it and therefore less than God. I don’t think this is accurate. To me, this is like posing the old paradoxical question, “Can God create a rock so big even He cannot lift it?” The question itself is faulty because it poses a limit on God’s ability either way you answer it. In the same way, suggesting that because God operates in time makes him subject to it is an “either-or fallacy.” If time is part of God’s essence, he is not “subject” to it because it is part of who He is. This is like suggesting that God is constrained because He cannot sin. No, sin is an imperfection and therefore to suggest that God cannot do it only emphasizes His ability. In the same way, if time is part of God’s essence, it is does not undermine His greatness. Also, God existing in time does not negate his omniscience since the entire concept of foreknowledge indicates a knowledge of things in the future.
Finally, I would ask that those who posit comments as if the answer is obvious and that anyone with any sense would agree with them and the Bible, please address the challenges of the views I laid out above. If it is clear to you that God is atemporal, then how would you respond to idea that God seems to genuinely interact with humanity in time. Is this just a pretense? Did God ever really create the universe as Genesis indicates? If God exists outside of time and remains in a frozen present, how could he create anything out of nothing? Was the man, Jesus of Nazareth, always the Son of God or did the Word actually become flesh? It is easy to just claim, “God is greater than time, so obviously He exists outside of it” but this view poses some really challenging questions that are conveniently ignored.
Anyway, I know this is more of a philosophical question and am not claiming one view is absolutely right and others wrong. I just thought it would be an interesting topic to discuss and explore some of the challenges of each view from a Biblical perspective. Moreover, I do think it is an important topic to consider, as certainly, how we understand God interacting with His creation is no small thing. Blessings everyone.
I want to address this comment you made:
"If time is part of God’s essence, he is not “subject” to it because it is part of who He is.".
I think you have the wrong concept of what "essence" is. Essence, has to do with the intrinsic nature of a thing or said another way, the quality that makes a thing what it is. No matter the subject under discussion, "time" would not be a quality of a thing nor would it be it's intrinsic nature but its realm of existence.
When talking about the essence of God, we see the Bible says He is Holy, Omnipresent, Omniscient, Immutable, Spirit and so on. Time is not part of God's makeup. Time is a construct for mankind and God uses it but it has no meaning truly to Him. As Peter wrote:
But, beloved, be not ignorant of this one thing, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day. When you are an eternal being, a thousand years is no different than a day. One is not longer than the other or vice versa.
You think because God is in an eternal state -
the ever present now - He cannot operate within time. You use the term "frozen", which is wholly inappropriate. God is not frozen in eternity. The concept behind "the ever present now", simply means there is no past and there can be no future. If there were a past, then God had a beginning and if He has a future, then there are things He does not know. Yet Scripture says, He knows the end from the beginning. This proves that God resides within an eternal state. Everything that was, is and will be, are in the mind of God all at once. For temporal creatures such as ourselves, this makes no sense to us.
[Oh by the way, "Foreknowledge" does not mean to know the future, It means to have knowledge beforehand and is not limited to time.].
God's Decrees, are like a long single file cabinet. If He were temporal, then it would take time to move from the first decree to the second and so on. However, God's Decrees move from one to the other without time passage. There is
order with God but not time. Again, for us, this makes very little sense because that is impossible for us.
Therefore, a decree of God's can come from eternity, in it's proper order and exist within time if time is necessary to carry out that decree. However, time cannot invade eternity or exist within it.
As temporal beings, it is very hard to keep ones mind on the eternal. We have a tendency to slip out of that gear and fall back into temporal thinking.
Those that say this eternal existence, as I am discussing it, causes problems, only say that because they personally don't like the implications that it enlightens.