1 Peter 3:18–22 (ESV): For Christ also suffered once for sins, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh but made alive in the spirit, 19 in which he went and proclaimed to the spirits in prison, 20 because they formerly did not obey, when God’s patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely through water. 21 Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you, not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ, 22 who has gone into heaven and is at the right hand of God, with angels, authorities, and powers having been subjected to him.
Many who read the above verses are quick to conclude that Jesus went to Hell (or the place of torment) to preach to the captives there. I reject this position. I do not think the above verses teach this. Here are three reasons why:
1. The context does not support it.
The context of these verses is an encouragement from Peter to continue to do good and be faithful even in the face of false accusations and persecutions. Why would Jesus preaching to those in torment from the days of Noah provide encouragement to these Christians to endure faithfully?
2. The Spirit of Christ = The Holy Spirit.
Peter here is referring to the spirit of Christ that preached to the disobedient. In other words, Peter is referring to the preaching of Noah that was inspired by the Holy Spirit/Spirit of Christ. We see this terminology used elsewhere in this same letter from Peter:
1 Peter 1:10–11 (ESV): 10 Concerning this salvation, the prophets who prophesied about the grace that was to be yours searched and inquired carefully, 11 inquiring what person or time the Spirit of Christ in them was indicating when he predicted the sufferings of Christ and the subsequent glories.
So, Peter also refers to the “Spirit of Christ” at work in the prophets just two chapters prior. Thus, it would only make sense here that Peter is also referring to the preaching of the Spirit of Christ in Noah just prior to the flood. The ”disobedient” are now in prison due to their rejection of that preaching, not that the preaching happened while they are were in spiritual prison.
3. The Bible does not teach post-mortem repentance.
Hebrews 9:27 (ESV): And just as it is appointed for man to die once, and after that comes judgment. Not only does the Bible not teach the possibility of post-mortem repentance, it teaches the opposite. Only in this life do we have the opportunity to repent and find salvation. If the dead have the opportunity to repent at the preaching of Jesus, why should we preach? And if the opportunity was only afforded to those from the days of Noah, why would God grant them this unique opportunity? And again, what would the idea of post-mortem repentance have to do with encouraging Christians to endure hardship for the sake of righteousness? Wouldn‘t the idea of the wicked getting a second chance to repent be, at best irrelevant, and at worst discouraging? Some might argue that Jesus‘ preaching to them in prison does not mean they were able to repent. Why would Jesus preach to the condemned if they had no opportunity to respond? Just to show them how wrong they were? And again, if so, why focus specifically on the disobedient in Noah’s time and not in Jeremiah or Isaiah’s time?
What is Peter teaching?
For me, the clear message here from Peter is that Christians should not shrink back from suffering for righteousness’ sake. The struggle they are facing is a temporary one. One day, they will be saved from the challenges they now face. Just as Noah was mocked and scoffed at, enduring the evils of his era righteously, he was saved by God from that evil through the flood. The wicked that persecuted Noah in his righteousness and obedience are now in prison. In the same way, baptism saves us from the evil of this world and points to our ultimate salvation from those who mock, scoff, and mistreat us. Thus, we should not be discouraged or lose heart. Just as Noah was vindicated, so also, Christians will be vindicated who remain faithful and do not lose heart.