Could Jesus forgive sins because he is the "Lamb slain from the foundation of the world"?
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Actually, he has the authority to do so as "the Son of man."
Mar 2:5
When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee.
Mar 2:6
But there were certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts,
Mar 2:7
Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins but God only?
Mar 2:8
And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts?
Mar 2:9
Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk?
Mar 2:10
But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,)
Mar 2:11
I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house.
Mar 2:12
And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion.
I will not be dogmatic with this answer, but I do believe that it is the proper answer to your question.
It is important to note that Jesus' earthly ministry began after he was water baptized. I personally believe that, in type, Christ needed to be buried, resurrected, ascended, and glorified before he could be baptized with the Holy Ghost, and before he could perform any miracles. When Jesus was literally buried, resurrected, ascended, and glorified, all power was given unto him in heaven and in earth (Matthew 28:18), or he was restored to his former glory which he had before the foundation of the world (John 17:5), and prior to his incarnation, or when he was only fully God, but now as one who is both God and man (Son of man). I believe that by experiencing these things, in type, at his baptism, he was given the authority to do these things before he had literally fulfilled any of the types.
In relation to his authority as "the Son of man," elsewhere, Jesus said this:
Jhn 5:26
For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself;
Jhn 5:27
And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man.
The Father has given Jesus the authority to execute judgment because he is the Son of man. Again, because Jesus has been exalted back to the Father's right hand as one who is now both God and man, he has been given the authority to judge mankind.
Anyhow, just pray and ask God if what I am suggesting here is true. In any case, Jesus forgave sins as "the Son of man;" even as he said that he did.
Mar 2:5
When Jesus saw their faith, he said unto the sick of the palsy, Son, thy sins be forgiven thee.
Mar 2:6
But there were certain of the scribes sitting there, and reasoning in their hearts,
Mar 2:7
Why doth this man thus speak blasphemies? who can forgive sins but God only?
Mar 2:8
And immediately when Jesus perceived in his spirit that they so reasoned within themselves, he said unto them, Why reason ye these things in your hearts?
Mar 2:9
Whether is it easier to say to the sick of the palsy, Thy sins be forgiven thee; or to say, Arise, and take up thy bed, and walk?
Mar 2:10
But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power on earth to forgive sins, (he saith to the sick of the palsy,)
Mar 2:11
I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy bed, and go thy way into thine house.
Mar 2:12
And immediately he arose, took up the bed, and went forth before them all; insomuch that they were all amazed, and glorified God, saying, We never saw it on this fashion.
I will not be dogmatic with this answer, but I do believe that it is the proper answer to your question.
It is important to note that Jesus' earthly ministry began after he was water baptized. I personally believe that, in type, Christ needed to be buried, resurrected, ascended, and glorified before he could be baptized with the Holy Ghost, and before he could perform any miracles. When Jesus was literally buried, resurrected, ascended, and glorified, all power was given unto him in heaven and in earth (Matthew 28:18), or he was restored to his former glory which he had before the foundation of the world (John 17:5), and prior to his incarnation, or when he was only fully God, but now as one who is both God and man (Son of man). I believe that by experiencing these things, in type, at his baptism, he was given the authority to do these things before he had literally fulfilled any of the types.
In relation to his authority as "the Son of man," elsewhere, Jesus said this:
Jhn 5:26
For as the Father hath life in himself; so hath he given to the Son to have life in himself;
Jhn 5:27
And hath given him authority to execute judgment also, because he is the Son of man.
The Father has given Jesus the authority to execute judgment because he is the Son of man. Again, because Jesus has been exalted back to the Father's right hand as one who is now both God and man, he has been given the authority to judge mankind.
Anyhow, just pray and ask God if what I am suggesting here is true. In any case, Jesus forgave sins as "the Son of man;" even as he said that he did.
In the verses that you referenced from Luke's gospel, Jesus said that he was forgiving sins as "the Son of man," and not as God.
Luk 5:24
But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house.
Am I seeking to deny that Jesus is God?
No, not at all. I fully believe that Jesus is both God and man, but during his earthly ministry, he forgave sins as "the Son of man," just like he said that he did. He also cast out demons and healed people as "the Son of man."
Mat 12:22
Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw.
Mat 12:23
And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?
Mat 12:24
But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils.
Mat 12:25
And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand:
Mat 12:26
And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand?
Mat 12:27
And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges.
Mat 12:28
But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you.
Mat 12:29
Or else how can one enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house.
Mat 12:30
He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad.
Mat 12:31
Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men.
Mat 12:32
And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come.
Luk 5:24
But that ye may know that the Son of man hath power upon earth to forgive sins, (he said unto the sick of the palsy,) I say unto thee, Arise, and take up thy couch, and go into thine house.
Am I seeking to deny that Jesus is God?
No, not at all. I fully believe that Jesus is both God and man, but during his earthly ministry, he forgave sins as "the Son of man," just like he said that he did. He also cast out demons and healed people as "the Son of man."
Mat 12:22
Then was brought unto him one possessed with a devil, blind, and dumb: and he healed him, insomuch that the blind and dumb both spake and saw.
Mat 12:23
And all the people were amazed, and said, Is not this the son of David?
Mat 12:24
But when the Pharisees heard it, they said, This fellow doth not cast out devils, but by Beelzebub the prince of the devils.
Mat 12:25
And Jesus knew their thoughts, and said unto them, Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation; and every city or house divided against itself shall not stand:
Mat 12:26
And if Satan cast out Satan, he is divided against himself; how shall then his kingdom stand?
Mat 12:27
And if I by Beelzebub cast out devils, by whom do your children cast them out? therefore they shall be your judges.
Mat 12:28
But if I cast out devils by the Spirit of God, then the kingdom of God is come unto you.
Mat 12:29
Or else how can one enter into a strong man's house, and spoil his goods, except he first bind the strong man? and then he will spoil his house.
Mat 12:30
He that is not with me is against me; and he that gathereth not with me scattereth abroad.
Mat 12:31
Wherefore I say unto you, All manner of sin and blasphemy shall be forgiven unto men: but the blasphemy against the Holy Ghost shall not be forgiven unto men.
Mat 12:32
And whosoever speaketh a word against the Son of man, it shall be forgiven him: but whosoever speaketh against the Holy Ghost, it shall not be forgiven him, neither in this world, neither in the world to come.