I would suggest as always its not what do men say as Jesus said to Peter. But more how
can we hear what the Holy Spirit says to churches seeing he must first give us ears to hear as a perfect law not subject to change.(circular reasoning)
We are informed that we do not know Christ after the things seen, as rudiments of this world, after the wisdom of this world as oral traditions vain philosophies of men. That would make up a false bases for circular reasoning.
Colossians 2:8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the
rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.
We rather reason by the law of faith (the unseen eternal) the faith of Christ that works in us to both will and preform His good pleasure as a imputed righteousness (not of our own selves)
Whenever the Son of man Jesus was confronted with no faith in Christ because they were not mixing faith in what they did see or hear he would say to them. O ye of
little faith, which recognized as born again believers they did have the faith that comes from hearing God But like in Galatians 3 when he called them foolish they trusted in the works of their own flesh .
Matthew 8:26 And he saith unto them, Why are ye fearful, O ye of
little faith? Then he arose, and rebuked the winds and the sea; and there was a great calm.
While in mark it is recorded that he how is it that ye have
no faith?
And he arose, and rebuked the wind, and said unto the sea, Peace, be still. And the wind ceased, and there was a great calm. And he said unto them, Why are ye so fearful? how is it that ye have
no faith? And they feared exceedingly, and said one to another, What manner of man is this, that even the wind and the sea obey him? Mark 4:39-41
The unbeliever is reckoned as haveing "no faith"(Deuteronomy 32:20) when it comes to the unseen spiritual wisdom of God . They must look to the rudiments of this world (walk by sight) after the oral traditions as philosophy the wisdom of this world (a false circular reasoning authority.)
Mathew 16 faults them for not reasoning according to the word of God .the true source of circular reasoning. they were looking to their own selves as a false circular reasoning authority. Just as they did in Luke 9 when the spiritual meaning in a parable was hid .This is with Jesus standing right in front of them they reasoned after the philosophies of men and played the game. "Who is the Greatest". In the end of the matter Jesus rebuked them and said :you know not what manner of spirit you are of . The wrong manner of circular reasoning.
Matthew 16:8 Which when Jesus perceived, he said unto them, O ye of little
faith, why
" reason ye among yourselves", because ye have brought
no bread?