My sources for saying that second temple Judaism recognized grace rather than obedience to the law once again relies of Dead Sea Scrolls.
Who claims whom, was upset, common sense is a big factor. God's house on earth, something that falls only when His people have been too disobedient is gone, is clearly not going to upset people who have been doing their best to do what God wants. This gets into a long silent period with very few surviving written records. Can you provide evidence that I am wrong?
Clement does not present it as he thought Paul made it, he claims Paul DID make it. Given that there is no reason to date 1 Clement later than 80 CE, there is an excellent chance that Clement had first hand knowledge.
English has created the term "hell" and ascribed it to a destination in the afterlife. The original Greek is vague beyond saying that those whose name is not in the Book of Life will be cast into the lake of fire. It does not clearly say whose names are in the Book of Life and whose are not. Even the angels are cast into Tartarus, which was a specific region in Hades, until they are to be released at the end. And incidentally, that is one of the references in the NT to the Book of Jubilees, a work that is considered scripture by some Christian traditions but not most, and is also a work that is better represented in the DSS than some accepted scripture, and which appears to have been considered scripture by some during the second temple period.
Thanks for your answers. I do not remember gleaning from the DSS that STJs affirmed salvation via faith, so if you can cite the passage you have in mind it would be appreciated.
I agree that there are few surviving records regarding many of the issues that intrigue you including Paul making it to Spain. I agree that Revelation may have the fall of Jerusalem in mind, although that is not certain either. The absence of evidence is evidence that we walk by faith, and that may involve doubting our doubts.
Regarding hell, what is your opinion of mine?:
A person—even a theist—might think that God would not permit evil, suffering and hell to exist. People who are mystified by evil and repulsed by its punishment do not realize that the essential aspect of being a human rather than a robot or subhuman creature is moral free will (MFW), which is what enables a person to experience love and meaning. This is what makes humans different from animals, whose behavior is governed mainly by instinct. This is what it means to be created in God’s image (Gen. 1:26-27; robot or responsible).
MFW only exists when there is the possibility of choosing between two qualitatively opposite moral options that we call good and evil. These options are opposites because of essentially different consequences for choosing them. Choosing good results in blessing, life and heaven; and choosing evil results in cursing, death and hell (Deut. 30:19). This is why hell as well as heaven exists. It is the just consequence for choosing evil rather than God.
The Spirit of God is good: love, peace and joy (Gal. 5:22-23). Therefore, whoever rejects the Lord is spiritually separated from Him (Isa. 59:2) and thereby chooses the evil or satanic spirit of hatred, strife and misery and reaps the just consequence called “hell” in the afterlife (Gal. 6:7-9, Heb. 9:27-28). These options were presented by Moses to the Israelites (DT 30:19), and Jesus referred to this fundamental choice in terms of a fish or egg versus a snake or scorpion (Luke 11:11-13). Life… or Curse? (Gen. 3:24, Rev. 22:1-2)
God created theoretical evil or the possibility of rejecting Him as an option that actualizes MFW/free human personality. As such it is necessary and even good (Gen. 1:31). Of course, it was wrong for Satan (1John 3:8) and humanity (Rom. 5:12) to make evil actual by choosing to Sin or reject Faith in God’s Lordship. The first people to choose the evil option were named Adam and Eve (Gen. 3:6).
Sin: ignoring God/God’s Word.
God loves a cheerful giver (2Cor. 9:7), which means He desires people to cooperate with Him happily because of love and gratitude for His grace rather than to cower before Him because of fear of hell. Love must be evoked; it cannot be coerced. And again, when souls sin or do NOT choose to love God freely, it is perfectly just (loving and logical) for them to reap the appropriate consequence (Gal. 6:7-9) or hell.
Thus,
evil people punish/torture themselves by experiencing delayed karma, just as those who experience appropriate justice during this earthly existence also punish themselves or reap what they have sown and send themselves to jail. This view makes souls responsible for breaking the rules rather than blaming evil on the judges (or Judge) who enforce the rules. The purpose of earthly punishment is to promote repentance, but the reason for retribution in hell is to attain justice. It is difficult to imagine, but somehow even someone as evil as Hitler will receive perfect justice, perhaps experiencing the agony of the millions of deaths he caused in accordance with the principal of “eye for eye” (MT 5:38), after which their souls are destroyed forever (per John 17:12, Rom. 9:22, Gal. 6:8, Phil. 3:19, 2Thes. 1:9, 2Pet. 3:7 & Rev. 20:13-14).