The Holy Spirit, of course!!!!
Right?
I wonder, of those who think otherwise, if they have never been restrained by the Holy Spirit personally. Personal restraint is a foundational instruction from the Holy Spirit to all who are His in Christ.
Restraint is a function of love. I know of no reference in the scriptures that speak to an angel's ability to love. Simply: love is not required of the servants, only obedience.
Paul said:
"Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels, but have not love, I have become sounding brass or a clanging cymbal."
Paul was restrained neither by the church or by the angels. Love restrained him and that, by the Holy Spirit.
Consider he was forbidden to travel to Asia because of the Spirit:
"Now when they had gone through Phrygia and the region of Galatia, they were forbidden by the Holy Spirit to preach the word in Asia."
And Bithynia (part of modern day Turkey)...
"After they had come to Mysia, they tried to go into Bithynia, but the Spirit did not permit them."
But Paul is given a vision.
So passing by Mysia, they came down to Troas. 9 And a vision appeared to Paul in the night. A man of Macedonia stood and pleaded with him, saying, “Come over to Macedonia and help us.” 10 Now after he had seen the vision, immediately we sought to go to Macedonia, concluding that the Lord had called us to preach the gospel to them.
So Paul heads to Macedonia.
Now Who gave Paul that vision? The answer is below:
‘And it shall come to pass in the last days, says God,
That I will pour out of My Spirit on all flesh;
Your sons and your daughters shall prophesy,
Your young men shall see visions,
Your old men shall dream dreams.
Interestingly, Paul was considered a "young man" at this time because he was given a vision.
But the point is
Paul was given the vision by the Holy Spirit.
Did Paul not have the ability to do what he wanted apart from the direction of the Spirit? No, not if he wanted to remain faithful to the Lord. He certainly could go wherever he wanted, but to do so would put him outside of the grace of God.
This is just the tee-up. Pardon me for summarizing the swing:
No authority functions without the consent of the Spirit, the Delegate of the Lord Jesus Christ in the earth. God to Christ to the Spirit to man is the Organizational Chart of God's Kingdom.
Certainly, without the permission of the Spirit, no evil may persecute the church or prosper.
The Spirit Restrains. He restrains the whole of creation. In my estimation, The Spirit has been withdrawing His restraint from creation for some time now.
The above is why we will not only see wickedness thrive in the last Days (in which we are) but all manner of shakings in the physical creation, too: earthquakes, tsunamis, storms, and even falling stars.