In what way(s) did Christ take our punishment for sin?

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oyster67

Senior Member
May 24, 2014
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#21
What I see when I've read through many things in the Bible is that all of the punishments Christ took were temporary, as far as I know.
The correct concept is that it was "once and for all" and "final". It was finished and accomplished.
John 19:30
“When Jesus therefore had received the vinegar, he said, It is finished: and he bowed his head, and gave up the ghost.”

Perhaps the punishment for our sin that Christ took was separation from God? Is what Isaiah said why Jesus cried out "My God, my God, why have You forsaken me?" When Christ was on the tree (the cross) he bore our sins in his body per 1 Peter 2:24.
The punishment and payment was death by the shedding of innocent blood by a perfect Sacrificial Lamb. The Father looked away as the Son took upon Himself all the sin of the world. Jesus bore the burden alone, which is something that we will never have to do.

I try to look through the Bible as much as possible just to find where things are plainly stated or described, but I haven't really seen how Christ took our punishment. So perhaps you all could shed some light on it?
1 Peter 3:18
“For Christ also hath once suffered for sins, the just for the unjust, that he might bring us to God, being put to death in the flesh, but quickened by the Spirit:”
 

ResidentAlien

Well-known member
Apr 21, 2021
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#22
I try to look through the Bible as much as possible just to find where things are plainly stated or described, but I haven't really seen how Christ took our punishment.
If there were a scripture that stated it plainly, what would you like it to say?
 
Mar 4, 2020
8,614
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#23
If there were a scripture that stated it plainly, what would you like it to say?
A verse that says “Christ took our punishment” would be a good start. Assuming Christ did take our punishment, I would also expect that unsaved sinners who are punished in like manner to Christ would also have a temporary punishment as well.
 

NOV25

Well-known member
Nov 23, 2019
977
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#24
A verse that says “Christ took our punishment” would be a good start. Assuming Christ did take our punishment, I would also expect that unsaved sinners who are punished in like manner to Christ would also have a temporary punishment as well.
Copied from: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans 3:21-31&version=NLT

Christ Took Our Punishment
21 But now God has shown us a way to be made right with him without keeping the requirements of the law, as was promised in the writings of Moses[a] and the prophets long ago. 22 We are made right with God by placing our faith in Jesus Christ. And this is true for everyone who believes, no matter who we are.

23 For everyone has sinned; we all fall short of God’s glorious standard. 24 Yet God, in his grace, freely makes us right in his sight. He did this through Christ Jesus when he freed us from the penalty for our sins. 25 For God presented Jesus as the sacrifice for sin. People are made right with God when they believe that Jesus sacrificed his life, shedding his blood. This sacrifice shows that God was being fair when he held back and did not punish those who sinned in times past, 26 for he was looking ahead and including them in what he would do in this present time. God did this to demonstrate his righteousness, for he himself is fair and just, and he makes sinners right in his sight when they believe in Jesus.

27 Can we boast, then, that we have done anything to be accepted by God? No, because our acquittal is not based on obeying the law. It is based on faith. 28 So we are made right with God through faith and not by obeying the law.

29 After all, is God the God of the Jews only? Isn’t he also the God of the Gentiles? Of course he is. 30 There is only one God, and he makes people right with himself only by faith, whether they are Jews or Gentiles.[b] 31 Well then, if we emphasize faith, does this mean that we can forget about the law? Of course not! In fact, only when we have faith do we truly fulfill the law.
 
Mar 4, 2020
8,614
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#25
Copied from: https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Romans 3:21-31&version=NLT

Christ Took Our Punishment
21 But now God has shown us a way to be made right with him without keeping the requirements of the law, as was promised in the writings of Moses[a] and the prophets long ago. 22 We are made right with God by placing our faith in Jesus Christ. And this is true for everyone who believes, no matter who we are.

23 For everyone has sinned; we all fall short of God’s glorious standard. 24 Yet God, in his grace, freely makes us right in his sight. He did this through Christ Jesus when he freed us from the penalty for our sins. 25 For God presented Jesus as the sacrifice for sin. People are made right with God when they believe that Jesus sacrificed his life, shedding his blood. This sacrifice shows that God was being fair when he held back and did not punish those who sinned in times past, 26 for he was looking ahead and including them in what he would do in this present time. God did this to demonstrate his righteousness, for he himself is fair and just, and he makes sinners right in his sight when they believe in Jesus.

27 Can we boast, then, that we have done anything to be accepted by God? No, because our acquittal is not based on obeying the law. It is based on faith. 28 So we are made right with God through faith and not by obeying the law.

29 After all, is God the God of the Jews only? Isn’t he also the God of the Gentiles? Of course he is. 30 There is only one God, and he makes people right with himself only by faith, whether they are Jews or Gentiles.[b] 31 Well then, if we emphasize faith, does this mean that we can forget about the law? Of course not! In fact, only when we have faith do we truly fulfill the law.
The part that says "Christ Took Our Punishment" isn't stated in the NLT text. It's a heading inserted by the publisher I guess. I do not see where it is actually described in passage. Which verse describes taking our punishment in your view?
 

NOV25

Well-known member
Nov 23, 2019
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#26
The part that says "Christ Took Our Punishment" isn't stated in the NLT text. It's a heading inserted by the publisher I guess. I do not see where it is actually described in passage. Which verse describes taking our punishment in your view?
Can you be more specific, what do you mean by "punishment"?
 
Mar 4, 2020
8,614
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#27
Can you be more specific, what do you mean by "punishment"?
I don't know what it means honestly and I am just trying to figure it out. I just recall having heard it said a lot by people throughout the years. "Christ took our place" or "Christ took our punishment" or something like that. I just sorta went with it, but I try not to take anything for granted if at all possible. I've seen some good responses that have helped me a ( thank you @Pilgrimshope and @notonmywatch ) but I don't think I've quite found it.

Perhaps it was Christ who was punished, i.e., he bore our sins in his body on the cross per 1 Peter 2:24? For someone perfect like Jesus, bearing a sin, let along the sins of the world, must have been incredibly difficult, but sins aren't our punishment or are they?
 

NOV25

Well-known member
Nov 23, 2019
977
386
63
#28
I don't know what it means honestly and I am just trying to figure it out. I just recall having heard it said a lot by people throughout the years. "Christ took our place" or "Christ took our punishment" or something like that. I just sorta went with it, but I try not to take anything for granted if at all possible. I've seen some good responses that have helped me a ( thank you @Pilgrimshope and @notonmywatch ) but I don't think I've quite found it.

Perhaps it was Christ who was punished, i.e., he bore our sins in his body on the cross per 1 Peter 2:24? For someone perfect like Jesus, bearing a sin, let along the sins of the world, must have been incredibly difficult, but sins aren't our punishment or are they?
Ok I think I get it :) Give this a read, or listen, see if it answers your question.
https://www.gty.org/library/sermons-library/45-09/the-wrath-of-god
 

Cameron143

Well-known member
Mar 1, 2022
18,932
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#29
I don't know what it means honestly and I am just trying to figure it out. I just recall having heard it said a lot by people throughout the years. "Christ took our place" or "Christ took our punishment" or something like that. I just sorta went with it, but I try not to take anything for granted if at all possible. I've seen some good responses that have helped me a ( thank you @Pilgrimshope and @notonmywatch ) but I don't think I've quite found it.

Perhaps it was Christ who was punished, i.e., he bore our sins in his body on the cross per 1 Peter 2:24? For someone perfect like Jesus, bearing a sin, let along the sins of the world, must have been incredibly difficult, but sins aren't our punishment or are they?
Matthew 25, at the end, people are separated into 2 groups--sheep and goats.
The sheep inherit a prepared kingdom unto eternal life. The goats go into eternal punishment, a place we are told earlier that was prepared for the devil and his angels.
Other biblical texts speak of an eternal place of punishment in various ways--a place of torment, a place where the worm dies not, a place of gnashing of teeth...
It's interesting that both places are said to be eternal. This might be because an eternal God according to His character is eternal in all things. A sin against an eternal God has eternal ramifications.
The long and short of it is there seems to be only 2 choices. So if we gain eternal reward we must be spared eternal punishment by Jesus.
 

Journeyman

Well-known member
Jan 10, 2019
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#30
I have often heard it said "Christ took our place" or "Christ took the punishment for our sin" or something of that nature.

What I see when I've read through many things in the Bible is that all of the punishments Christ took were temporary, as far as I know.

Perhaps the punishment for our sin that Christ took was separation from God? Is what Isaiah said why Jesus cried out "My God, my God, why have You forsaken me?" When Christ was on the tree (the cross) he bore our sins in his body per 1 Peter 2:24.

Isaiah 59
1Surely the arm of the Lord is not too short to save,
nor his ear too dull to hear.
2But your iniquities have separated
you from your God;
your sins have hidden his face from you,
so that he will not hear.

I try to look through the Bible as much as possible just to find where things are plainly stated or described, but I haven't really seen how Christ took our punishment. So perhaps you all could shed some light on it?
The punishment our Lord took was being lied against by false witnesses and executed for a sin he didn't commit. Conspiracy to commit murder is sin and Jesus bore it and more. Spitting on God. Stripping him naked, beating and mocking him and he bore it.
 

Pilgrimshope

Well-known member
Sep 2, 2020
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#31
The punishment our Lord took was being lied against by false witnesses and executed for a sin he didn't commit. Conspiracy to commit murder is sin and Jesus bore it and more. Spitting on God. Stripping him naked, beating and mocking him and he bore it.
Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief:

when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand.”
‭‭Isaiah‬ ‭53:10‬ ‭KJV‬‬

“who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.”
‭‭1 Peter‬ ‭2:24
 

ResidentAlien

Well-known member
Apr 21, 2021
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#32
A verse that says “Christ took our punishment” would be a good start. Assuming Christ did take our punishment, I would also expect that unsaved sinners who are punished in like manner to Christ would also have a temporary punishment as well.
I think you may have a point. I don't think if Jesus hadn't come we'd all have to line up to be crucified then raised three days later. To me it's not literal in that way. I think Christ taking our place just means He laid down His life so we could have eternal life.

Some things become commonly accepted for people to say and they repeat them without really thinking about what they're saying.
 

Pilgrimshope

Well-known member
Sep 2, 2020
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#33
I think you may have a point. I don't think if Jesus hadn't come we'd all have to line up to be crucified then raised three days later. To me it's not literal in that way. I think Christ taking our place just means He laid down His life so we could have eternal life.

Some things become commonly accepted for people to say and they repeat them without really thinking about what they're saying.
sin is why man dies

“For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord.”
‭‭Romans‬ ‭6:23‬ ‭

what Jesus did saves us from this and gives us eternal life

“And death and hell were cast into the lake of fire. This is the second death. And whosoever was not found written in the book of life was cast into the lake of fire.”
‭‭Revelation‬ ‭20:14-15‬ ‭KJV‬‬

From the beginning man wasnt made to die but to live with God and not partake of the forbidden knowledge that would surely cause thier death

since man broke this word

“And the LORD God commanded the man, saying, Of every tree of the garden thou mayest freely eat: but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.”
‭‭Genesis‬ ‭2:16-17‬ ‭KJV‬‬

That brought sin and death to mankinds nature when they broke it

“Wherefore, as by one man sin entered into the world, and death by sin; and so death passed upon all men, for that all have sinned:”
‭‭Romans‬ ‭5:12‬ ‭KJV‬‬

Adam who was given dominion over all the earth followed satans Will in Eden and led all Mankind into sin and death it’s reward or “wage “


when a sinner dies they are lost to the second death of their living soul but if God has stones for thier sins and a perfect sinless man lays his life down and God accepts the propitiation then the sinner can live because his sins were taken from him and imputed upon the propitiation which paid the penalty of death for sin

without sin death doesn’t exist and has no power over anyone if Jesus remits our sins in his death we’re not going to die the death in store for all sinners

The key is that God ordained the gospel just as his warning to Adam about death was broken and led to death for man , and so also it’s Gods word of redemption while fulfilling that word of death in Christ , so all of his words get fulfilled the sinner must die he said and Jesus took our place so what’s left after death ? Eternal Life only because sin requires death and Jesus gave his life to that so anyone that accepts his atonement can be saved from the penalty of thier sins through repentance and remission only provided by his sacrifice and word in the gospel
 

Journeyman

Well-known member
Jan 10, 2019
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#34
Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief:

when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand.”
‭‭Isaiah‬ ‭53:10‬ ‭KJV‬‬

“who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed. For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls.”
‭‭1 Peter‬ ‭2:24
Hello Pilgrimshope.
Our Savior was bruised in the sense of correction, as every son of God is,

For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. Heb.12:6

Jesus wasn't punished in place of any sinner, but as an example of how merciful God is toward injustice. There are no exceptions to this
 

Pilgrimshope

Well-known member
Sep 2, 2020
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#35
Hello Pilgrimshope.
Our Savior was bruised in the sense of correction, as every son of God is,

For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. Heb.12:6

Jesus wasn't punished in place of any sinner, but as an example of how merciful God is toward injustice. There are no exceptions to this
“Hello Pilgrimshope.
Our Savior was bruised in the sense of correction, as every son of God is,”

Brother Jesus didn’t need any correction nor any punishment because he never sinned we did that’s why Jesus died

“Jesus wasn't punished in place of any sinner, but as an example of how merciful God is toward injustice.”

“For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;”
‭‭1 Corinthians‬ ‭15:3‬ ‭KJV‬‬

We sinned sin requires the death of the sinner and he took our place in death being hanged on a tree for our sins to fulfill this for all sinners

“And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree: his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.”
‭‭Deuteronomy‬ ‭21:22-23‬ ‭KJV‬‬

staking the curse of death away from the sinner upon himself

Christ hath redeemed us from the curse of the law, being made a curse for us: for it is written, Cursed is every one that hangeth on a tree:”
‭‭Galatians‬ ‭3:13‬ ‭KJV‬‬

Jesus is the propitiation for the worlds sin

“My little children, these things write I unto you, that ye sin not. And if any man sin, we have an advocate with the Father, Jesus Christ the righteous: and he is the propitiation for our sins: and not for our's only, but also for the sins of the whole world.”
‭‭1 John‬ ‭2:1-2‬ ‭KJV‬‬

Jesus died brother in our place to save us from this date

“Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die.”
‭‭Ezekiel‬ ‭18:4‬ ‭

she died only for that reason to save us from the condemnation upon all sinners which is death that’s why we get baptized into his death because he died in our place

Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death?

knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin. For he that is dead is freed from sin.”
‭‭Romans‬ ‭6:3, 6-7‬ ‭

Because he took our place in death we get baptized in his name clothing us with his sinless life while he took our sins upon himself

“who his own self bare our sins in his own body on the tree, that we, being dead to sins, should live unto righteousness: by whose stripes ye were healed.”
‭‭1 Peter‬ ‭2:24‬ ‭KJV‬‬

brother look into the sin sacrifice in the ot you’ll find one dies for the sin of the people and one lives to bear the sin of the people alone

Most definately Jesus took our place in death

“Forasmuch then as the children are partakers of flesh and blood, he also himself likewise took part of the same; that through death he might destroy him that had the power of death, that is, the devil; and deliver them who through fear of death were all their lifetime subject to bondage.”
‭‭Hebrews‬ ‭2:14-15‬ ‭KJV‬‬


Jesus suffering and death is because of what we the sinners have done he did that for us
 

Pilgrimshope

Well-known member
Sep 2, 2020
13,893
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#36
Hello Pilgrimshope.
Our Savior was bruised in the sense of correction, as every son of God is,

For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. Heb.12:6

Jesus wasn't punished in place of any sinner, but as an example of how merciful God is toward injustice. There are no exceptions to this
wise brother

“merciful God is toward injustice.”

God isn’t merciful toward injustice , he is merciful towards us despite the injustice weve committed because he loves mankind

Jesus taking our place in death is like if you have a son and he made some bad mistakes but you know he’s got a good heart, you would take his place because you love him not because your merciful towards injustice you’re a just and righteous man so by your very nature you are opposed to injustice and sin but you still love your kid even though he’s done alot wrong that you don’t approve of

“For when we were yet without strength, in due time Christ died for the ungodly. For scarcely for a righteous man will one die: yet peradventure for a good man some would even dare to die. But God commendeth his love toward us, in that, while we were yet sinners, Christ died for us. Much more then, being now justified by his blood, we shall be saved from wrath through him. For if, when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God by the death of his Son, much more, being reconciled, we shall be saved by his life. And not only so, but we also joy in God through our Lord Jesus Christ, by whom we have now received the atonement.”
‭‭Romans‬ ‭5:6-11‬ ‭KJV‬‬

I wondered once “ what practical sense does it make that Gods only begotten son who did no sin , had to die in order for creation to live ?”

a long time later I realized Gods word whatever he declares has to be fulfilled

“but of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat of it: for in the day that thou eatest thereof thou shalt surely die.”
‭‭Genesis‬ ‭2:17‬ ‭KJV‬‬

Thou shalt not commit adultery.”
‭‭Exodus‬ ‭20:14‬ ‭KJV‬‬

“And the man that committeth adultery with another man's wife, even he that committeth adultery with his neighbour's wife, the adulterer and the adulteress shall surely be put to death.”
‭‭Leviticus‬ ‭20:10‬ ‭KJV‬‬

“For whosoever shall keep the whole law, and yet offend in one point, he is guilty of all.”
‭‭James‬ ‭2:10‬ ‭KJV‬‬

“for all have sinned, and come short of the glory of God;”
‭‭Romans‬ ‭3:23‬ ‭

“Behold, all souls are mine; as the soul of the father, so also the soul of the son is mine: the soul that sinneth, it shall die.”
‭‭Ezekiel‬ ‭18:4‬ ‭KJV‬‬

Jesus died to save us from the law of sin and death see Roman’s 8:1-4

“But he was wounded for our transgressions, he was bruised for our iniquities: the chastisement of our peace was upon him; and with his stripes we are healed. All we like sheep have gone astray; we have turned every one to his own way; and the LORD hath laid on him the iniquity of us all. ( that’s all I mean by taking the sinners place )

Yet it pleased the LORD to bruise him; he hath put him to grief: when thou shalt make his soul an offering for sin, ( the soul that sins must die ) he shall see his seed, he shall prolong his days, and the pleasure of the LORD shall prosper in his hand.”
‭‭Isaiah‬ ‭53:5-6, 10‬ ‭KJV‬‬

the salvation of lost sinners is the lords pleasure in Christ by the gospel , part of that being done is to provide a substitute or propitiation the lord finds acceptable that “ appeases “ his word of requirement of death required for sin.

from the beginning until the end sin requires death because we all failed and we’re condemned by that law he became a man to die in our place or as the “ propitiation “ for sin , i hope that makes sense at least as to what I am trying to say

jesus died in the place of all mankind to this end so we would see him this way

“But the scripture hath concluded all under sin,

that the promise by faith of Jesus Christ might be given to them that believe.”
‭‭Galatians‬ ‭3:22‬ ‭KJV‬‬

So this

“And he said unto them, Go ye into all the world, and preach the gospel to every creature. He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved; but he that believeth not shall be damned.”
‭‭Mark‬ ‭16:15-16‬ ‭KJV‬‬

actually has understanding and faith for us to hear

“Know ye not, that so many of us as were baptized into Jesus Christ were baptized into his death? Therefore we are buried with him by baptism into death: that like as Christ was raised up from the dead by the glory of the Father, even so we also should walk in newness of life.

For if we have been planted together in the likeness of his death, we shall be also in the likeness of his resurrection: knowing this, that our old man is crucified with him, that the body of sin might be destroyed, that henceforth we should not serve sin.
‭‭Romans‬ ‭6:3-6‬ ‭KJV‬‬

“And ye are complete in him, which is the head of all principality and power: in whom also ye are circumcised with the circumcision made without hands, in putting off the body of the sins of the flesh by the circumcision of Christ:

buried with him in baptism, wherein also ye are risen with him through the faith of the operation of God, who hath raised him from the dead. And you, being dead in your sins and the uncircumcision of your flesh, hath he quickened together with him, having forgiven you all trespasses;”
‭‭Colossians‬ ‭2:10-13‬ ‭KJV‬‬

Propitiation is the key term
 
Jun 5, 2020
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169
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#37
Hello Pilgrimshope.
Our Savior was bruised in the sense of correction, as every son of God is,

For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth. Heb.12:6

Jesus wasn't punished in place of any sinner, but as an example of how merciful God is toward injustice. There are no exceptions to this
Jesus was punished in place of all sinners (all people, for all have sinned). He is our substitute. We deserve the punishment, not Him; He is the ultimate sacrifice that God demanded.
 

Journeyman

Well-known member
Jan 10, 2019
2,107
763
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#38
“For I delivered unto you first of all that which I also received, how that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures;”
‭‭1 Corinthians‬ ‭15:3‬ ‭KJV‬‬
When Paul says that Jesus died "according to the scriptures", he means Jesus was unjustly condemned to death.

We sinned sin requires the death of the sinner and he took our place in death being hanged on a tree for our sins to fulfill this for all sinners
No. Justice by the law requires the death of the sinner, not a substitute. Jesus demonstrated the mercy of God, not the justice of God. If Gods justice according to the scriptures had been served, Jesus would never have been executed, but those who wanted him dead would be.

“And if a man have committed a sin worthy of death, and he be to be put to death, and thou hang him on a tree: his body shall not remain all night upon the tree, but thou shalt in any wise bury him that day; that thy land be not defiled, which the LORD thy God giveth thee for an inheritance.”
‭‭Deuteronomy‬ ‭21:22-23‬ ‭KJV‬‬
"If a man has committed a sin worthy of death." The law doesn't say, "If a man has not committed a sin worthy of death."
It doesn't say, "Put an innocent man to death."

Prigrimshope,
I would be happy to discuss the rest of the passages you cited in your last post, but if you can't see what I'm saying now, ther's no point in discussing the rest, because it will be built on error.
Please know that I once believed what you do, but God never says, "If you conspire to put an innocent man to death with false witness... and hang him on a tree....."

Ok? Can we agree that Paul is not saying The Father wanted his Son abused this way?
 

Journeyman

Well-known member
Jan 10, 2019
2,107
763
113
#39
Jesus was punished in place of all sinners (all people, for all have sinned). He is our substitute. We deserve the punishment, not Him; He is the ultimate sacrifice that God demanded.
No my friend. Jesus withheld his anger against people who sinned against him in vile manners.
He bore even the most vicious sins people can commit against him (against God) and still gave them time to repent.
That's really good news.
 

maxwel

Senior Member
Apr 18, 2013
9,526
2,608
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#40
A verse that says “Christ took our punishment” would be a good start. Assuming Christ did take our punishment, I would also expect that unsaved sinners who are punished in like manner to Christ would also have a temporary punishment as well.
The Bible wasn't written in English, so it's always an error to pick a particular English phrase, and then require the Bible to contain it.

What you find, rather, is the concept that Christ died for our SINS.
And those sins, by definition, carry a weight of punishment.
You will find all of these concepts, and you will find them in different places.

God expects us to study the scripture... and in so doing, to piece major concepts together.

.
Have a great Christmas.

.