Luther's theses. What was his concern?

phil36 · Sep 1, 2022

We all know about Martin Luther posting his 95 theses, in wittenberg, 1517. The rest is history.

But,

What was his main concern regarding the faith and practice of the chusrch in Rome?

Nehemiah6 · Sep 1, 2022

phil36 said:

Luther did not totally reject the idea of Purgatory or indulgences at all. He simply focused on the abuse of indulgences. Which means that he was fully Catholic at that point.

PART I

LUTHER'S 95 THESES
Out of love for the truth and from desire to elucidate it, the Reverend Father Martin Luther, Master of Arts and Sacred Theology, and ordinary lecturer therein at Wittenberg, intends to defend the following statements and to dispute on them in that place. Therefore he asks that those who cannot be present and dispute with him orally shall do so in their absence by letter. In the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, Amen.
REPENTANCE IS NECESSARY FOR THE REMISSION OF SINS

When our Lord and Master Jesus Christ said, ``Repent'' (Mt 4:17), he willed the entire life of believers to be one of repentance.
This word cannot be understood as referring to the sacrament of penance, that is, confession and satisfaction, as administered by the clergy.
Yet it does not mean solely inner repentance; such inner repentance is worthless unless it produces various outward mortification of the flesh.
The penalty of sin remains as long as the hatred of self (that is, true inner repentance), namely till our entrance into the kingdom of heaven.

LUTHER DID NOT QUESTION THE POPE'S AND PRIESTS' INVOLVEMENT IN REMISSION OF SINS

The pope neither desires nor is able to remit any penalties except those imposed by his own authority or that of the canons.
The pope cannot remit any guilt, except by declaring and showing that it has been remitted by God; or, to be sure, by remitting guilt in cases reserved to his judgment. If his right to grant remission in these cases were disregarded, the guilt would certainly remain unforgiven.
God remits guilt to no one unless at the same time he humbles him in all things and makes him submissive to the vicar, the priest.
The penitential canons are imposed only on the living, and, according to the canons themselves, nothing should be imposed on the dying.
Therefore the Holy Spirit through the pope is kind to us insofar as the pope in his decrees always makes exception of the article of death and of necessity.
Those priests act ignorantly and wickedly who, in the case of the dying, reserve canonical penalties for purgatory.
Those tares of changing the canonical penalty to the penalty of purgatory were evidently sown while the bishops slept (Mt 13:25).
In former times canonical penalties were imposed, not after, but before absolution, as tests of true contrition.

LUTHER DID NOT QUESTION THE EXISTENCE OF PURGATORY

The dying are freed by death from all penalties, are already dead as far as the canon laws are concerned, and have a right to be released from them.
Imperfect piety or love on the part of the dying person necessarily brings with it great fear; and the smaller the love, the greater the fear.
This fear or horror is sufficient in itself, to say nothing of other things, to constitute the penalty of purgatory, since it is very near to the horror of despair.
Hell, purgatory, and heaven seem to differ the same as despair, fear, and assurance of salvation.
It seems as though for the souls in purgatory fear should necessarily decrease and love increase.
Furthermore, it does not seem proved, either by reason or by Scripture, that souls in purgatory are outside the state of merit, that is, unable to grow in love.
Nor does it seem proved that souls in purgatory, at least not all of them, are certain and assured of their own salvation, even if we ourselves may be entirely certain of it.
Therefore the pope, when he uses the words ``plenary remission of all penalties,'' does not actually mean ``all penalties,'' but only those imposed by himself.

LUTHER REJECTED THE ABUSE OF PAPAL INDULGENCES, NOT THE PRACTICE

Thus those indulgence preachers are in error who say that a man is absolved from every penalty and saved by papal indulgences.
As a matter of fact, the pope remits to souls in purgatory no penalty which, according to canon law, they should have paid in this life.
If remission of all penalties whatsoever could be granted to anyone at all, certainly it would be granted only to the most perfect, that is, to very few.
For this reason most people are necessarily deceived by that indiscriminate and high-sounding promise of release from penalty.
That power which the pope has in general over purgatory corresponds to the power which any bishop or curate has in a particular way in his own diocese and parish.
The pope does very well when he grants remission to souls in purgatory, not by the power of the keys, which he does not have, but by way of intercession for them.
They preach only human doctrines who say that as soon as the money clinks into the money chest, the soul flies out of purgatory.
It is certain that when money clinks in the money chest, greed and avarice can be increased; but when the church intercedes, the result is in the hands of God alone.
Who knows whether all souls in purgatory wish to be redeemed, since we have exceptions in St. Severinus and St. Paschal, as related in a legend.
No one is sure of the integrity of his own contrition, much less of having received plenary remission.
The man who actually buys indulgences is as rare as he who is really penitent; indeed, he is exceedingly rare.
Those who believe that they can be certain of their salvation because they have indulgence letters will be eternally damned, together with their teachers.
Men must especially be on guard against those who say that the pope's pardons are that inestimable gift of God by which man is reconciled to him.
For the graces of indulgences are concerned only with the penalties of sacramental satisfaction established by man.
They who teach that contrition is not necessary on the part of those who intend to buy souls out of purgatory or to buy confessional privileges preach unchristian doctrine.
Any truly repentant Christian has a right to full remission of penalty and guilt, even without indulgence letters.
Any true Christian, whether living or dead, participates in all the blessings of Christ and the church; and this is granted him by God, even without indulgence letters.
Nevertheless, papal remission and blessing are by no means to be disregarded, for they are, as I have said (Thesis 6), the proclamation of the divine remission.
It is very difficult, even for the most learned theologians, at one and the same time to commend to the people the bounty of indulgences and the need of true contrition.
A Christian who is truly contrite seeks and loves to pay penalties for his sins; the bounty of indulgences, however, relaxes penalties and causes men to hate them -- at least it furnishes occasion for hating them.
Papal indulgences must be preached with caution, lest people erroneously think that they are preferable to other good works of love.
Christians are to be taught that the pope does not intend that the buying of indulgences should in any way be compared with works of mercy.
Christians are to be taught that he who gives to the poor or lends to the needy does a better deed than he who buys indulgences.
Because love grows by works of love, man thereby becomes better. Man does not, however, become better by means of indulgences but is merely freed from penalties.
Christians are to be taught that he who sees a needy man and passes him by, yet gives his money for indulgences, does not buy papal indulgences but God's wrath.
Christians are to be taught that, unless they have more than they need, they must reserve enough for their family needs and by no means squander it on indulgences.
Christians are to be taught that they buying of indulgences is a matter of free choice, not commanded.
Christians are to be taught that the pope, in granting indulgences, needs and thus desires their devout prayer more than their money.
Christians are to be taught that papal indulgences are useful only if they do not put their trust in them, but very harmful if they lose their fear of God because of them.
Christians are to be taught that if the pope knew the exactions of the indulgence preachers, he would rather that the basilica of St. Peter were burned to ashes than built up with the skin, flesh, and bones of his sheep.
Christians are to be taught that the pope would and should wish to give of his own money, even though he had to sell the basilica of St. Peter, to many of those from whom certain hawkers of indulgences cajole money.

Nehemiah6 · Sep 1, 2022

PART II

LUTHER WAS NOT TOTALLY CLEAR ABOUT INDULGENCES BEING USELESS

It is vain to trust in salvation by indulgence letters, even though the indulgence commissary, or even the pope, were to offer his soul as security.
They are the enemies of Christ and the pope who forbid altogether the preaching of the Word of God in some churches in order that indulgences may be preached in others.
Injury is done to the Word of God when, in the same sermon, an equal or larger amount of time is devoted to indulgences than to the Word.
It is certainly the pope's sentiment that if indulgences, which are a very insignificant thing, are celebrated with one bell, one procession, and one ceremony, then the gospel, which is the very greatest thing, should be preached with a hundred bells, a hundred processions, a hundred ceremonies.
The true treasures of the church, out of which the pope distributes indulgences, are not sufficiently discussed or known among the people of Christ.
That indulgences are not temporal treasures is certainly clear, for many indulgence sellers do not distribute them freely but only gather them.
Nor are they the merits of Christ and the saints, for, even without the pope, the latter always work grace for the inner man, and the cross, death, and hell for the outer man.
St. Lawrence said that the poor of the church were the treasures of the church, but he spoke according to the usage of the word in his own time.
Without want of consideration we say that the keys of the church, given by the merits of Christ, are that treasure.
For it is clear that the pope's power is of itself sufficient for the remission of penalties and cases reserved by himself.

LUTHER RECOGNIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE GOSPEL BUT DID NOT TOTALLY REJECT INDULGENCES

The true treasure of the church is the most holy gospel of the glory and grace of God.
But this treasure is naturally most odious, for it makes the first to be last (Mt. 20:16).
On the other hand, the treasure of indulgences is naturally most acceptable, for it makes the last to be first.
Therefore the treasures of the gospel are nets with which one formerly fished for men of wealth.
The treasures of indulgences are nets with which one now fishes for the wealth of men.
The indulgences which the demagogues acclaim as the greatest graces are actually understood to be such only insofar as they promote gain.
They are nevertheless in truth the most insignificant graces when compared with the grace of God and the piety of the cross.
Bishops and curates are bound to admit the commissaries of papal indulgences with all reverence.
But they are much more bound to strain their eyes and ears lest these men preach their own dreams instead of what the pope has commissioned.
Let him who speaks against the truth concerning papal indulgences be anathema and accursed.
But let him who guards against the lust and license of the indulgence preachers be blessed.
Just as the pope justly thunders against those who by any means whatever contrive harm to the sale of indulgences.
Much more does he intend to thunder against those who use indulgences as a pretext to contrive harm to holy love and truth.
To consider papal indulgences so great that they could absolve a man even if he had done the impossible and had violated the mother of God is madness.
We say on the contrary that papal indulgences cannot remove the very least of venial sins as far as guilt is concerned.
To say that even St. Peter if he were now pope, could not grant greater graces is blasphemy against St. Peter and the pope.
We say on the contrary that even the present pope, or any pope whatsoever, has greater graces at his disposal, that is, the gospel, spiritual powers, gifts of healing, etc., as it is written. (1 Co 12[:28])
To say that the cross emblazoned with the papal coat of arms, and set up by the indulgence preachers is equal in worth to the cross of Christ is blasphemy.
The bishops, curates, and theologians who permit such talk to be spread among the people will have to answer for this.
This unbridled preaching of indulgences makes it difficult even for learned men to rescue the reverence which is due the pope from slander or from the shrewd questions of the laity.
Such as: ``Why does not the pope empty purgatory for the sake of holy love and the dire need of the souls that are there if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a church?'' The former reason would be most just; the latter is most trivial.
Again, ``Why are funeral and anniversary masses for the dead continued and why does he not return or permit the withdrawal of the endowments founded for them, since it is wrong to pray for the redeemed?''
Again, ``What is this new piety of God and the pope that for a consideration of money they permit a man who is impious and their enemy to buy out of purgatory the pious soul of a friend of God and do not rather, beca use of the need of that pious and beloved soul, free it for pure love's sake?''
Again, ``Why are the penitential canons, long since abrogated and dead in actual fact and through disuse, now satisfied by the granting of indulgences as though they were still alive and in force?''
Again, ``Why does not the pope, whose wealth is today greater than the wealth of the richest Crassus, build this one basilica of St. Peter with his own money rather than with the money of poor believers?''
Again, ``What does the pope remit or grant to those who by perfect contrition already have a right to full remission and blessings?''
Again, ``What greater blessing could come to the church than if the pope were to bestow these remissions and blessings on every believer a hundred times a day, as he now does but once?''
``Since the pope seeks the salvation of souls rather than money by his indulgences, why does he suspend the indulgences and pardons previously granted when they have equal efficacy?''
To repress these very sharp arguments of the laity by force alone, and not to resolve them by giving reasons, is to expose the church and the pope to the ridicule of their enemies and to make Christians unhappy.
If, therefore, indulgences were preached according to the spirit and intention of the pope, all these doubts would be readily resolved. Indeed, they would not exist.
Away, then, with all those prophets who say to the people of Christ, ``Peace, peace,'' and there is no peace! (Jer 6:14)
Blessed be all those prophets who say to the people of Christ, ``Cross, cross,'' and there is no cross!

LUTHER SEEMS TO BE CONFUSED ABOUT SALVATION

Christians should be exhorted to be diligent in following Christ, their Head, through penalties, death and hell.
And thus be confident of entering into heaven through many tribulations rather than through the false security of peace (Acts 14:22).

Magenta · Sep 1, 2022

Nehemiah6 said:

Luther also held to RCC Mariology.

Microsoft Word - FULL OF GRACE -- LUTHERS MARIOLOGY (webs.com)

Aaron56 · Sep 1, 2022

“Roman Catholic lite”

Snacks · Sep 1, 2022

phil36 said:

Extortion

Hazelelponi · Sep 2, 2022

I take it with the two post copy-paste job that this is some kind of holdover conversation from another thread.

arthurfleminger · Sep 2, 2022

Unfortunately, all the early church reformers.....Luther/Zwingli/Calvin/HenryVIII/etc.....made themselves to be their own little popes. If you didn't believe exactly what they taught, you were wrong and deserved to die and go to hell. Seriously.

So, these went from being reformers to being self proclaimed authorities and you'd better not have crossed them when in their day.

And BTW, all three of these mentioned had an undying hatred of the Jews.

And, if you are a true Christian, you have no room for hatred of others and for the murder of others. Tell the tree by it's fruit!

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Luther wanted to set fire to the book of James because it contradicted Paul's writings to the body of Christ. He failed to rightly divide the word of truth.

Jocund · Sep 2, 2022

arthurfleminger said:

Sadly I think the misconception of Luther being anti-ethnic-Jew is part of antiChristian rhetoric that has spilled into common culture. Luther had a heavy opposition to the Talmud (and its teachers and followers), not to ethnic Jews. I mentioned in a different thread that if you read the Talmud and compare it to Luther's beliefs, you'll understand why.

Jocund · Sep 2, 2022

John146 said:

I don't know how you Dispensationalists weigh facts but clearly if Luther eventually admitted the book, he struggled (but did not fail) to accept the whole word of God. And much in the same light, hope remains that Dispensationalists' rejection of the word of God is only a struggle that will be healed in time.

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

You misrepresent the dispensational point of view. I don't reject any portion of scripture. Actually, I believe every word? Do you?

Jocund · Sep 2, 2022

John146 said:

Not every dispensation model will be the same, true. But the movement that has coined itself under the term Dispensationalism is what I'm referring to in this case.

John146 said:

That's an interesting place to put a question-mark.

Even your statement in post 9 shows that you reject aspects of Christian scripture:

John146 said:

The Christian perspective is that scripture is inerrant and without contradiction.

Dispensationalists will instead explore the concept that contradictions exist and then try to rationalize it through a system of dispensations.

Dispensationalism runs into funny problems when it deals with mixed cases or people that seemingly "switched dispensations". Gal 3:16 and Rom 9:6 are examples of verses that will never sit right with Dispensationalists. Instead of rejecting the false religion of Dispensationalism, Dispensationalists reject scripture instead.

Your proposal in post 9 very clearly hints toward the religion of Dispensationalism's position that Paul and James would be contradicting each other (to imply that the supposed contradictions are because they were speaking different dispensations to different audiences) rather than the proper Christian perspective that they don't contradict each other and that both James and Paul's writings do indeed contain a harmonized message for all Christians.

If you reject Christian scripture, that's your business. No one is holding you up to Christian standards if you choose not to walk that path. But it is important to correct points of view that pretend to be sound Christian doctrine yet aren't. Something that is "rightly divided" in Dispensationalism is not going to be the same thing as something that is "rightly divided" in Christianity.

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

I believe every word of scripture. In order to believe every word of scripture, one must have every word of scripture.

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

The statement about Luther? That is true. He failed to rightly divide.

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

No contradictions exist, audiences change throughout human history. That's bible 101.

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

The seed came through Abraham, Isaac and Jacob. The seed being Christ.

John146 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

Not every dispensation model will be the same, true. But the movement that has coined itself under the term Dispensationalism is what I'm referring to in this case.

That's an interesting place to put a question-mark.

Even your statement in post 9 shows that you reject aspects of Christian scripture:

The Christian perspective is that scripture is inerrant and without contradiction.

Dispensationalists will instead explore the concept that contradictions exist and then try to rationalize it through a system of dispensations.

Dispensationalism runs into funny problems when it deals with mixed cases or people that seemingly "switched dispensations". Gal 3:16 and Rom 9:6 are examples of verses that will never sit right with Dispensationalists. Instead of rejecting the false religion of Dispensationalism, Dispensationalists reject scripture instead.

Your proposal in post 9 very clearly hints toward the religion of Dispensationalism's position that Paul and James would be contradicting each other (to imply that the supposed contradictions are because they were speaking different dispensations to different audiences) rather than the proper Christian perspective that they don't contradict each other and that both James and Paul's writings do indeed contain a harmonized message for all Christians.

If you reject Christian scripture, that's your business. No one is holding you up to Christian standards if you choose not to walk that path. But it is important to correct points of view that pretend to be sound Christian doctrine yet aren't. Something that is "rightly divided" in Dispensationalism is not going to be the same thing as something that is "rightly divided" in Christianity.

To which of the twelve tribes do you belong?

arthurfleminger · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

Don't try and whitewash Luther's hatred of the Jews. He made his hatred quite clear in his book/tract, "The Jews and Their Lies." Many of Luther's recommendations for destroying the Jews were adopted by Hitler and his Nazis. Hitler often quoted Luther in rationalizing the destruction of the Jews. You need to familiarize yourself with Luther's writings on the Jews. Here are some quotes from his book, "The Jews and Their Lies":

Learn from this, dear Christian, what you are doing if you permit the blind Jews to mislead you. Then the saying will truly apply, "When a blind man leads a blind man, both will fall into the pit" [cf. Luke 6:39]. You cannot learn anything from them except how to misunderstand the divine commandments...

***

Therefore be on your guard against the Jews, knowing that wherever they have their synagogues, nothing is found but a den of devils in which sheer self-glory, conceit, lies, blasphemy, and defaming of God and men are practiced most maliciously and veheming his eyes on them.

***

Moreover, they are nothing but thieves and robbers who daily eat no morsel and wear no thread of clothing which they have not stolen and pilfered from us by means of their accursed usury. Thus they live from day to day, together with wife and child, by theft and robbery, as arch-thieves and robbers, in the most impenitent security.

***

However, they have not acquired a perfect mastery of the art of lying; they lie so clumsily and ineptly that anyone who is just a little observant can easily detect it. But for us Christians they stand as a terrifying example of God's wrath.

***

There is much more if you're really interested in the truth about Luther: Internet History Sourcebooks Project (fordham.edu)

Luther's words speak for themselves and he was filled with hate for the Jews and wanted them persecuted.

Nehemiah6 · Sep 2, 2022

Jocund said:

I believe you are seriously mistaken. Anyhow a few important points should be noted.

1. There are no contradictions in the Bible.

2. The apparent contradictions can be resolved with Scripture.

3. The Bible is a progressive revelation.

4. God has related to mankind in different ways at different times. Hence the contrast between the Old Covenant and the New Covenant. Hence the dispensations.

5. God's covenants generally correspond to God's administrations (or dispensations).

6. The Reformers (all formerly Catholics) did not go far enough in applying Sola Scriptura to their theologies. So they did retain some Catholic baggage.

7. Luther's Protestantism was progressive, but he was more inclined to hold to Catholic beliefs than other Reformers.

8. The Reformers failed to see that they had absolutely no business persecuting other Christians who disagreed with them in certain points.

Luther's theses. What was his concern?

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