The common OT terms for God’s favorable disposition are ḥesed and ḥēn, usually meaning “mercy” and “favor” (Smith 1956: 33–55). The NT writers prefer to use “grace” (charis). It appears most commonly in Acts and the epistles (except 1 John); in the Synoptic Gospels, only in Luke (“favor,” in 1:30; 2:40, 52; also see John 1:14, 16, 17). Besides “grace,” charis may also be rendered as “gracious” (Luke 4:22; Col 4:6), “gracious work” (2 Cor 8:6, 7, 19), “favor” (2 Cor 8:4), “credit” (Luke 6:32, 33, 34), “thank” (Luke 17:9); “as a gift” (Rom 4:4), “pleasure” (2 Cor 1:15), “blessing” (2 Cor 9:8), and “approved” (1 Pet 2:19).
The NT writers can also use charis in a distinctively Christian way, to describe the loving inclination in Christ (TDNT 9:391). Thus “grace” is a central term in Pauline soteriology and important in the vocabulary of Acts, Hebrews, and 1 Peter.
John uses “grace” to describe the Logos in John 1:14–18: the Word is “full of grace and truth,” we have received from him “grace upon grace.” John contrasts Jesus and Moses by saying that “the law was given through Moses; grace and truth came through Jesus Christ.”
Paul was deeply concerned with salvation by God’s grace as opposed to salvation in any way merited by works: by definition, grace must be undeserved. He states in Rom 4:16 that “that is why it depends on faith, in order that the promise may rest on grace . . .” For the apostle, justification by faith safeguards the pure reality of saving grace: “I do not nullify the grace of God; for if justification were through the law, then Christ died to no purpose” (Gal 2:21). Paul’s opponents warned that salvation by grace alone would lead inevitably to licentiousness; Jude 4 seems to indicate that that might have been one of the perversions of the gospel. But Paul knows that saving grace also means that Christians may find power to live holy lives apart from legalistic structures: “For sin will have no dominion over you, since you are not under law but under grace” (Rom 6:14; see also 6:15; 2 Tim 1:9). A striking parallel to the Pauline emphasis (e.g., in 1 Cor 8:8) is found in Heb 13:9, where the author warns his readers: “Do not be led away by diverse and strange teachings; for it is well that the heart be strengthened by grace, not by foods, which have not benefited their adherents.”
In Gal 5:4 Paul tells certain Christians that they have “fallen away from grace.” Like the Jews of Rom 10:3, the Galatians “who would be justified by the law” are turning their backs on justification by faith, which to Paul is falling from salvation by grace. In trying to merit the undeserved, they are giving affront to a giving God.
The contrast between salvation wholly by grace and salvation through works is illustrated by divine election. In Rom 11:5–6 Paul states that “there is a remnant, chosen by grace. But if it is by grace, it is no longer on the basis of works; otherwise, grace would no longer be grace.”
In the apostle’s mind, grace is found not only in justification by faith; it also means that those whom God elects are chosen without regard to their religious zeal. Saving faith is also regarded as a gift of God: in Eph 2:9 the whole process of salvation through faith is a gift of grace; Acts 18:27 refers to Christians as “those who through grace had believed” (see also Acts 13:48; 16:14).