E
Decay Rates. Each radioisotope has a half-life—the time it would take for half of a large sample of that isotope to decay at today’s rate. Half-lives range from less than a billionth of a second to many millions of trillions of years.14 Most attempts to change decay rates have failed. For example, changing temperatures between -427°F and +4,500°F has produced no measurable change in decay rates. Nor have accelerations of up to 970,000 g, magnetic fields up to 45,000 gauss, or changing elevations or chemical concentrations.
However, it was learned as far back as 1971 that high pressure could increase decay rates very slightly for at least 14 isotopes.15 Under great pressure, electrons (especially from the innermost shell) are squeezed closer to the nucleus, making electron capture more likely. Also, electron capture rates for a few radioisotopes change in different chemical compounds.16
Beta decay rates can increase dramatically when atoms are stripped of all their electrons. In 1999, Germany’s Dr. Fritz Bosch showed that, for the rhenium atom, this “decreases its half-life more than a billionfold—from 42-billion years to 33 years.”17 The more electrons removed, the more rapidly neutrons expel electrons (beta decay) and become protons. This effect was previously unknown, because only electrically neutral atoms had been used in measuring half-lives.18
Decay rates for silicon-32 (32Si), chlorine-36 (36Cl), manganese-54 (54Mn), and radium-226 (226Ra) depend slightly on Earth’s distance from the Sun.19 They decay, respectively, by beta, alpha, and electron capture. Other radioisotopes seem to be similarly affected. This may be an electrical effect or a consequence of neutrinos20 flowing from the Sun.
Patents have been awarded to major corporations for electrical devices that claim to accelerate alpha, beta, and gamma decay and thereby decontaminate hazardous nuclear wastes. However, they have not been shown to work on a large scale. An interesting patent awarded to William A. Barker is described as follows:21
Radioactive material is placed in or on a Van de Graaff generator where an electric potential of 50,000 – 500,000 volts is applied for at least 30 minutes. This large negative voltage is thought to lower each nucleus’ energy barrier. Thus alpha, beta, and gamma particles rapidly escape radioactive nuclei.
While these electrical devices may accelerate decay rates, a complete theoretical understanding of them does not yet exist, they are expensive, and they act only on small samples. However, the common belief that decay rates are constant in all conditions should now be discarded.
We can think of a large sample of a radioisotope as a slowly-leaking balloon with a meter that measures the balloon’s total leakage since it was filled. Different radioisotopes have different leakage rates, or half-lives. (Stable isotopes do not leak; they are not radioactive.)
Some people may think that a balloon’s age can be determined by dividing the balloon’s total leakage by its leakage rate today. Here, we will address more basic issues: What “pumped up” all radioisotopes in the first place, and when did it happen? Did the pumping process rapidly produce considerable initial leakage—billions of years’ worth, based on today’s slow leakage rates?
I HAVE MORE IF YOU WOULD LIKE.
Don't know about the 10,000 yrs but the mystery jumped right to it,Where in the bible do you find men making musical instruments 10,000 years ago?
Based on ASSUMPTIONS.None of this deals with the effect of the of heat and energy released, which would be substantial when the decay rate is accelerated.
Ug... more homework!More
Where Is Earth’s Radioactivity? Three types of measurements each show that Earth’s radioactivity is concentrated in the relatively thin continental (granite) crust. In 1906, some scientists recognized that just the heat from the radioactivity in the granite crust should explain all the heat now coming out of the Earth. If radioactivity were occurring below the crust, even more heat should be exiting. Because it is not, radioactivity should be concentrated in the top “few tens of kilometers” of the Earth—and have begun recently.
The distribution of radioactive material with depth is unknown, but amounts of the order of those observed at the surface must be confined to a relatively thin layer below the Earth’s surface of the order of a few tens of kilometers in thickness, otherwise more heat would be generated than can be accounted for by the observed loss from the surface.45
Later, holes drilled into the ocean floor showed slightly more heat coming up through the ocean floors than through the continents. But basaltic rocks under the ocean floor contain little radioactivity.46 Apparently, radioactive decay is not the primary source of Earth’s geothermal heat.
A second type of measurement occurred in Germany’s Deep Drilling Program. The concentration of radioactivity measured down Germany’s deepest hole (5.7 miles) would account for all the heat flowing out at the Earth’s surface if that concentration continued down to a depth of only 18.8 miles and if the crust were 4-billion years old.47
However, the rate at which temperatures increased with depth was so great that if the trend continued, the rock at the top of the mantle would be partially melted. Seismic studies have shown that this is not the case.48 Therefore, temperatures do not continue increasing down to the mantle, so the source of the heating is concentrated in the Earth’s crust.
A third measurement technique, used in regions of the United States and Australia, shows a strange, but well-verified, correlation: the amount of heat flowing out of the Earth at specific locations correlates with the radioactivity in surface rocks at those locations. Wherever radioactivity is high, the heat flow will usually be high; wherever radioactivity is low, the heat flow will usually be low. However, the radioactivity at those hotter locations is far too small to account for that heat.49 What does this correlation mean?
First, consider what it does not necessarily mean. When two sets of measurements correlate (or correspond), people often mistakenly conclude that one of the things measured (such as radioactivity in surface rocks at one location) caused the other thing being measured (surface heat flow at that location). Even experienced researchers sometimes make this mistake. Students of statistics are repeatedly warned of this common mistake in logic, and hundreds of humorous50 and tragic examples are given; nevertheless, the problem abounds in all research fields.
This correlation could be explained if most of the heat flowing up through the Earth’s surface was generated, not by the radioactivity itself, but by the events that produced that radioactivity. If more heat is coming out of the ground at one place, then more radioactivity was also produced there. Therefore, radioactivity in surface rocks would correlate with surface heat flow.
This is one of about 4 books that changed my view on creation (gap theory) and the floodUg... more homework!![]()
so are you saying God created humans then billions of years later created Adam and Eve? can you say some more about what you mean? i think you have an interesting theory. i believe there could be a gap there why not? bible has many gaps like in prophecy daniel's week think about it guys.There is a big gap of billions of years between the creation of the earth and the life of Adam and Eve who were living in the Bronze Age and who mark the beginning of Jewish history. They were not the first people ever, not by a long chalk. They just happened to be living at a time when people/nations were learning to write.
Remember the Old Testament is about the Jews only. It is not a history of the world.
In the last couple of years, I've spent far more time listening to videos on YT than reading, though my list of 'required reading' is growing constantly. Perhaps you could PM me the list of books?This is one of about 4 books that changed my view on creation (gap theory) and the flood![]()
You have mail brotherIn the last couple of years, I've spent far more time listening to videos on YT than reading, though my list of 'required reading' is growing constantly. Perhaps you could PM me the list of books?
More
Where Is Earth’s Radioactivity? Three types of measurements each show that Earth’s radioactivity is concentrated in the relatively thin continental (granite) crust. In 1906, some scientists recognized that just the heat from the radioactivity in the granite crust should explain all the heat now coming out of the Earth. If radioactivity were occurring below the crust, even more heat should be exiting. Because it is not, radioactivity should be concentrated in the top “few tens of kilometers” of the Earth—and have begun recently.
The distribution of radioactive material with depth is unknown, but amounts of the order of those observed at the surface must be confined to a relatively thin layer below the Earth’s surface of the order of a few tens of kilometers in thickness, otherwise more heat would be generated than can be accounted for by the observed loss from the surface.45
Later, holes drilled into the ocean floor showed slightly more heat coming up through the ocean floors than through the continents. But basaltic rocks under the ocean floor contain little radioactivity.46 Apparently, radioactive decay is not the primary source of Earth’s geothermal heat.
A second type of measurement occurred in Germany’s Deep Drilling Program. The concentration of radioactivity measured down Germany’s deepest hole (5.7 miles) would account for all the heat flowing out at the Earth’s surface if that concentration continued down to a depth of only 18.8 miles and if the crust were 4-billion years old.47
However, the rate at which temperatures increased with depth was so great that if the trend continued, the rock at the top of the mantle would be partially melted. Seismic studies have shown that this is not the case.48 Therefore, temperatures do not continue increasing down to the mantle, so the source of the heating is concentrated in the Earth’s crust.
A third measurement technique, used in regions of the United States and Australia, shows a strange, but well-verified, correlation: the amount of heat flowing out of the Earth at specific locations correlates with the radioactivity in surface rocks at those locations. Wherever radioactivity is high, the heat flow will usually be high; wherever radioactivity is low, the heat flow will usually be low. However, the radioactivity at those hotter locations is far too small to account for that heat.49 What does this correlation mean?
First, consider what it does not necessarily mean. When two sets of measurements correlate (or correspond), people often mistakenly conclude that one of the things measured (such as radioactivity in surface rocks at one location) caused the other thing being measured (surface heat flow at that location). Even experienced researchers sometimes make this mistake. Students of statistics are repeatedly warned of this common mistake in logic, and hundreds of humorous50 and tragic examples are given; nevertheless, the problem abounds in all research fields.
This correlation could be explained if most of the heat flowing up through the Earth’s surface was generated, not by the radioactivity itself, but by the events that produced that radioactivity. If more heat is coming out of the ground at one place, then more radioactivity was also produced there. Therefore, radioactivity in surface rocks would correlate with surface heat flow.
Thank you EG. It puzzles me when people refuse to admit what Scripture actually says. What they read into it is something else, but you (general you) cannot start with assumptions to arrive at conclusions that are then forced on others who may have made other reasonable assumptions... the assumptions need to be clarified as assumptions, not Biblical facts. Cain building a city through reproduction is a reasonable reading of the passages that were under discussion. It is clear he had many offspring. Saying Cain built a city is not to say he laid every brick and raised every wall of every house. That is not a reasonable thing to assume, or to pretend another assumes.I had to stop reading the past few posts I could not take it any more.. You have patience.
We do not know God after the witness of men .Eletroincs has become the new god . the temporal things seen a not a source of faith . the things seen t point to the unseen . (called mixing faith in Hebrew 4.
The idea invent a machine and make up you own way to calibrate it without a standard that could be used is a law, simply explains the philosophies of men as traditions of men .
We are warned of those who build a faith on the things seen as if God could be discovered through a microscope or carbon dating.
They could lead to talking about the gospel but never a source for believing God. Trying to calibrate the corruption that began when God corrupted it is like finding the missing bone..
Genesis 6:12And God looked upon the earth, and, behold, it was corrupt; for all flesh had corrupted his way upon the earth.
The electronic gospel has crept into many area of the church .They even have the idea of chips as some sort of sign and wonder as hope of avoiding. As if we did walk after the temporal and not the eternal. .One source of faith....as it is written
One thing to have that knowledge but to use that as the gospel I would be careful how you hear? Remember not after the rudiments . that the temporal prophecy of the god of this world. Preach the gospel it reveals who corrupted the whole creation. No carbon dating tool can discover that.
Colossians 2:8 Beware lest any man spoil you through philosophy and vain deceit, after the tradition of men, after the rudiments of the world, and not after Christ.
The Spirit dating law . . . no calibration needed..
2 Corinthians 4:18 King James Version (KJV) While we look not at the things which are seen, but at the things which are not seen: for the things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal.
so are you saying God created humans then billions of years later created Adam and Eve? can you say some more about what you mean? i think you have an interesting theory. i believe there could be a gap there why not? bible has many gaps like in prophecy daniel's week think about it guys.
Because, after all, Scripture is "amazingly accurate and can only be thanks to divine inspiration" but that same divine source failed to note in the "amazingly accurate" account that there was a gap of billions of years between the creation of humans and the events of Genesis 4 and later.Quite simply the Genesis account of creation in chapters 1, 2, and 3 is amazingly accurate and that can only be thanks to divine inspiration, because no way could the Biblical scribe have known that was the way it happened.
Then there is a gap of billions of years when everything in the Garden was lovely until sin stepped in, and the world with all it's wickedness became like it is today.