I think the archaeology shows that the early Israelites were Henotheistic. That is they believed in many gods, but worshipped only one main God above them all. Hence why Yahweh is said to be " God amonst gods" , that you shall "have no ther gods but me" and that he is "a jealous God". Why would he be jealous of non existent gods? In fact the research shows that Yahweh had a wife/consort called Asherah. Figurines have been found of her in archaeological digs in the region. There is more evidence in Genesis when the proper translation is plural of " let US make man in our own image".
Polytheism is simply the belief in many gods. Early Israel was henotheistic and came to worship one leader god amongst many.....then they did away with the rest of the gods.
Idolatry is mistaking an image for the actual.
I hope this is of some good.
It would appear the histories show both Henotheism and Polytheism in practice by early Jews. Idolatry is not a faith and practice in itself, as you note, it is rather the creation or idealization of a symbol or carving that represents deity-deities.
Henotheism
...Canaanite religion and early Judaism
Rabbinical Judaism as it developed in
Late Antiquity is emphatically monotheistic. However, its predecessor—the various schools of
Hellenistic Judaism and
Second Temple Judaism, and especially the cult of
Yahweh as it was practiced in
ancient Israel and Judah during the 8th and 7th centuries BC—have been described as henotheistic.
For example, the
Moabites worshipped the god
Chemosh, the
Edomites,
Qaus, both of whom were part of the greater
Canaanite pantheon, headed by the chief god,
El. The Canaanite pantheon consisted of El and
Asherah as the chief deities, with 70 sons who were said to rule over each of the nations of the earth. These sons were each worshiped within a specific region.
Kurt Noll states that "the Bible preserves a tradition that Yahweh used to 'live' in the south, in the land of Edom" and that the original god of Israel was
El Shaddai.
[27]
Several Biblical stories[
which?] allude to the belief that the Canaanite gods all existed and were thought[
by whom?] to possess the most power in the lands by the people who worshiped them and their sacred objects; their power was believed to be real and could be invoked by the people who patronized them. There are numerous accounts[
citation needed] of surrounding nations of Israel showing fear or reverence for the Israelite God despite their continued polytheistic practices.
[28] For instance, in 1 Samuel 4, the
Philistines fret before the second battle of
Aphek when they learn that the Israelites are bearing the
Ark of the Covenant, and therefore Yahweh, into battle. The Israelites were forbidden
[29] to worship other deities, but according to some interpretations[
which?] of the Bible, they were not fully monotheistic before the
Babylonian captivity. Mark S. Smith refers to this stage as a form of
monolatry.
[30] Smith argues that Yahweh underwent a process of merging with El and that acceptance of cults of
Asherah was common in the period of the Judges.
[30] 2 Kings 3:27 has been interpreted as describing a human sacrifice in Moab that led the invading Israelite army to fear the power of Chemosh.
[31]
[END of excerpt]
Indications of Polytheism in Jewish history also appears in today's Old Testament much to the outrage of the one God.
The goddess Asherah was worshiped in ancient Judah and Israel and she was also the mother of 70 son's, being the consort of the Canaanite god, "El". Her title was, queen of heaven.
18.The children gather wood, and the fathers kindle the fire, and the women knead [their] dough, to make cakes to the queen of heaven, and to pour out drink offerings unto other gods, that they may provoke me to anger." The Book of Jeremiah chapter 7
Shared earlier from the Jewish Virtual Library:
Ancient Jewish History: The Birth and Evolution of Judaism
Pre-Mosaic Stage (1950-1300 BCE)
scholars draw on the text of
Genesis to conclude the following controversial ideas about early Hebrew religion:
— Early Hebrew religion was polytheistic; the curious plural form of the name of God, Elohim rather than El, leads them to believe that the original Hebrew religion involved several gods. This plural form, however, can be explained as a "royal" plural. Several other aspects of the account of Hebrew religion in Genesis also imply a polytheistic faith.
— The earliest Hebrew religion was animistic, that is, the Hebrews seemed worship forces of nature that dwelled in natural objects.
— As a result, much of early Hebrew religion had a number of practices that fall into the category of magic: scapegoat sacrifice and various forms of imitative magic, all of which are preserved in the text of Genesis .
— Early Hebrew religion eventually became anthropomorphic, that is, god or the gods took human forms; in later Hebrew religion, Yahweh becomes a figure that transcends the human and material worlds. Individual tribes probably worshipped different gods; there is no evidence in Genesis that anything like a national God existed in the time of the patriarchs.
The most profound revolution in Hebrew thought, though, occurred in the migration from Egypt, and its great innovator was
Moses. In the epic events surrounding the flight from Egypt and the settling of the promised land, Hebrew religion became permanently and irrevocably, the
Mosaic religion.